Animal Diseases & Potential Zoonosis www.hydra-int.com www.hydra-int.com Disinfectant Type Hydra Product  Applications Bottle Sizes Chlorine  Edi-Chlor ACR  Stabilised disinfectant for all surfaces, non-foaming. 5 litre, 20 litre VC-100 Stabilised powder disinfectant for all surfaces. 1 kilo, 5 kilo Citric Acid Hydra Citra Safe - Fast Acting Disinfects in One Easy Operation. DEFRA  Approved — Stops Infection and Cross Infection. Effective Against Foot & Mouth.  1kilo, 5 kilo Ethanol Steri-Dri Liquid Alcohol Based Biocidal Hand Steriliser Disinfectant. Fast Drying - With Residual Action.  Stops Infection and Cross Infection. leaves hands sterile, soft and supple. 250ml, 1 litre, 5 litre Steri-Gel Gel Alcohol Based Biocidal Hand Steriliser Disinfectant with Residual Biocidal Action.  Prevents Infection and Cross Infection.  Leaves Hands Sterile, Soft and Supple. 250ml, 1 litre,  5 litre Hydrogen  Peroxide Eradi-Cide Safe - Fast Acting Disinfects in One Easy Operation . Hydrogen Peroxide - Stops Infection and Cross Infection. Effective Against Anthrax Spores.  1 kilo, 5 kilo Iodine   Annihilate ACR            DEFRA Approved Disinfectant Cleaner for All Surfaces, kills Bacteria and Viruses including Foot and Mouth and Avian Flu.  5 litre, 20 litre Zeta Gold Broad Spectrum Iodine Anti-Bacterial Liquid Soap. Stops infection and cross infection with residual action, gentle pH balance for frequent use, brilliant antiseptic properties. 250ml, 1 litre,  5 litre Zorf Broad Spectrum Iodine Anti-Bacterial Liquid Soap. Effective against Orf. Stops infection and cross infection with residual action, gentle pH balance for frequent use, brilliant antiseptic properties. 250ml, 1 litre,  5 litre Quaternary  Ammonium     Guard ACR Wide Spectrum Quaternary Ammonium Disinfectant. Destroys Bacteria, Viruses, Moulds, Harmful Micro-Organisms & Protozoan's including Giardia Lamblia used by kennels, catteries and with birds. 1 litre, 5 litre Power Foam Plus ACR Heavy duty, foaming detergent / disinfectant by animal care establishments. As a stand alone disinfectant cleaner or 1st stage deep cleaning before using Hydra’s ANNIHILATE ACR Total  Disinfectant 5 litre, 20 litre As with other infectious illnesses, one of the most important preventive practices is careful and frequent hand-washing.  Cleaning your hands often, using soap and water (or waterless ethanol-based hand rubs when soap is not available and hands are not visibly soiled with blood or body fluids), removes potentially infectious materials from your skin and helps prevent disease transmission.   When wearing gloves, wash the gloves with soap and water before removing them, and then wash your hands. Disease Animal Source Effect on Humans Effective  Disinfectant Anthrax Sheep, Cattle, Goats, Horses Anthrax may cause a raised boil-like lesion on the skin which develops a black centre, from which the name anthrax, meaning coal, derives. Woolsorter's Disease used, historically, to be caused by inhaling spores from wool from infected carcases and is often fatal. Normally, the skin infection responds to early treatment with appropriate antibiotics.  Chlorine Hydrogen  Peroxide Avian influenza (Bird flu) Birds, Some  mammals Although human cases of avian flu are rare, people who become infected with the H5N1 virus can become seriously ill and may die. The symptoms can resemble those of human influenza, including fever, cough, aching muscles and a sore throat. The human health effects of avian flu can also include eye infections and serious respiratory infections, including pneumonia Chlorine Iodine Borna virus (infection) Birds, Cats, Catttle Horses, Some  Primates, Sheep The role of BDV in human illness is controversial and it is yet to be established whether BDV causes any overt disease in humans. However, correlative evidence exists linking BDV infection with neuropsychiatric disorders such as bipolar disorder. Chlorine Ethanol Bovine spongi- form  Encephalopathy (BSE) Cattle Sheep There is now convincing evidence that variant CJD is due to infection of humans with the BSE agent, most probably via contaminated food.  The median age of onset in vCJD is 28 years (range 12-74), vCJD tends to present with behavioural or psychiatric symptoms and with a relatively slower progression.   It may be difficult to determine that there is a neurological illness until some time has passed. In the majority of cases, features of depression are present and many were given antidepressant treatment. Other features included anxiety, agitation, delusions and hallucinations.  This presenta- tion may result in the initial referral to psychiatry services rather than neurological ones.  Sensory symptoms in the limbs or elsewhere (persistent, unpleasant or frankly painful) affect nearly half the patients but these symptoms are relatively non-specific and such symptoms are relatively common in illnesses like depression.   Chlorine Brucellosis Brucellosis is the commonest zoonotic infection worldwide. More than 500 000 new cases occur annually but with an uneven global distribution. Yearly incidence rates range from 0.3 cases per million in the United Kingdom and most parts of the United States to above 1 case per 1000 in endemic regions, where the disease represents a considerable and increasing health burden. Treatment is given to shorten the duration of symptoms, prevent relapse, and avert complications such as arthritis, sacroiliitis, spondylitis, encephalitis, endocarditis, epididymoorchitis, and  abortion. Chlorine Animal Diseases & Potential Zoonosis www.hydra-int.com www.hydra-int.com Disease Animal Source Effect on Humans Effective  Disinfectant Bubonic plague Rats, Fleas There are three forms of plaque, the septicaemic plague is a form of blood poisoning, and pneu- monic plague is an airborne plague that attacks the lungs before the rest of the body.  The classic sign of bubonic plague are the appearance of buboes in the groin, the neck and arm- pits, which oozed pus and bled.  These buboes are caused by internal bleeding.  Victims undergo damage to the skin and underlying tissue, until they are covered in dark blotches.  Most victims died within four to seven days after  infection.  The bubonic plague was the most commonly seen form during the Black Death, with a mortality rate of thirty to seventy-five percent and symptoms including fever of 38 - 41 °C (101-105 °F), headaches, painful aching joints, nausea and vomiting, and a general feeling of malaise. Of those who contracted the bubonic plague, 4 out of 5 died within eight days. Pneumonic plague was the second most commonly seen form during the Black Death, with a mor- tality rate of ninety to ninety-five percent. Symptoms included fever, cough and blood-tinged sputum. As the disease progressed, sputum became free flowing and bright red. Septicaemic plague was the least common of the three forms, with a mortality rate close to one hundred per- cent. Symptoms were high fevers and purple skin patches (purpura) due to DIC (Disseminated intravascular coagulation). Chlorine Campylobacterio- sis Domestic Poultry, Livestock Although C jejuni and C coli can exist as commensal organisms of domestic poultry and livestock, they are considered human pathogens.  In humans, the clinical spectrum of Campylobacter enteri- tis ranges from loose feces to dysentery. Self-limiting acute enteritis is the most common syn- drome.  Prodromal symptoms are common and include headache, low fever, and myalgia lasting from a few hours to a few days. Symptoms of acute infection often begin with abdominal cramps followed by diarrhea and high fever, peaking during the first days of illness. Chlorine Ethanol Iodine Cryptosporidium Calfs The most common symptom of cryptosporidiosis is watery diarrhea. Other symptoms include: Stomach cramps or pain, dehydration, nausea, vomiting, fever, weight loss. Some people with Crypto will have no symptoms at all. While the small intestine is the site most commonly affected, Cryptosporidium infections could possibly affect other areas of the digestive tract or the respiratory tract. Hydrogen  Peroxide Cutaneous larva  migrans Cats, Dogs Cutaneous larva migrans (CLM) is a serpiginous eruption usually confined to the skin of the feet, buttocks, or abdomen caused by dog and cat hookworms, which are types of nematodes (roundworms).  Skin findings are due to a hypersensitivity reaction to the worms and their  by-products. Ethanol Iodine Ebola fever Chimpanzees,  Gorillas, Monkeys, Forest Antelopes Ebola is often characterized by the sudden onset of fever, intense weakness, muscle pain,  headache and sore throat. This is often followed by vomiting, diarrhoea, rash, impaired kidney and liver function, and in some cases, both internal and external bleeding. Laboratory findings show low counts of white blood cells and platelets as well as elevated liver enzymes. Chlorine Equine viral  encephalomyelitis Birds, small mammals and possibly reptiles and amphibians, horses, mosquitoes or  biting flies Ninety percent of people with encephalitis have flu-like symptoms, such as fever, sore throat, cough, and malaise.  If meningitis accompanies encephalitis, an individual may experience head- ache, stiff neck, intolerance to light, and vomiting. A change in the level of consciousness, ranging from mild confusion to coma, develops in most people with encephalitis, often including disorientation and delusion with possible hallucinations, agitation, and personality changes. Seizures occur in up to 50% of individuals with encephalitis.  Other signs and symptoms of en- cephalitis depend on which area of the brain is most affected. These may include an impaired ability to use or comprehend words or coordinate voluntary muscle movements, muscle weakness or partial paralysis on one side of the body, uncontrollable tremors or involuntary movements, and an inability to regulate body temperature. Chlorine Ethanol Giardia lamblia Birds, Cats, Catttle Dogs, Sheep Giardiasis may be asymptomatic or may cause a variety of intestinal symptoms, including chronic diarrhea, steatorrhea (fatty diarrhea), cramps, bloating, fatigue, and weight loss. Iodine Glanders and Farcy Horses, donkeys, mules The disease is characterised by the formation of nodular lesions in the lung and other internal organs and ulcerations of the mucous membrane at the upper respiratory tract.  In the acute form, nasal discharge, coughing, a high fever, and ulceration of the nasal mucous are symptoms of this disease.  Death occurs from septicaemia in a few days.  The discharges are infectious.  In chronic forms, nodules develop subcutaneously and ulcerate.  The lymph vessels thicken and there is enlargement of the lymph nodes of the area. Nodules   develop in the nose, the turbinate bones and on the nasal septum.  They enlarge up to 1cm in diameter then ulcerate.  Chlorine Ethanol Iodine Quaternary  Ammonium Hydatid Disease  Dogs In the early stages of Hydatid Disease no symptoms may be felt. Symptoms depend on the site of the parasitic cyst which is the cause of the disease. The most common site is in the liver. Symptoms due to a large liver cyst may be a sense of weight, vomiting, feeling overly full after meals, or pain, indigestion and jaundice (abnormal yellow discolouration of the body). Cysts may also occur in the lungs. Early symptoms may be coughing, chest pain or coughing blood. The first symptom may be coughing up salty fluid after rupture of a cyst. This may lead to shock from allergy, itching of the skin or chest infection. Cysts in other body organs may cause seizures, blindness, deafness, kidney pain or heart prob- lems. All these forms are potentially deadly, and the rupture of a cyst at any site can cause death from shock due to allergy. Chlorine Lassa fever Rats Gradual onset of fever and malaise.  Increased fever (which can last 2-3 weeks) and myalgia, with severe prostration, accompanied by involvement of specific organs and serosa.  Patients frequently present with pain behind the sternum and with coughing.   Additional common symptoms include:  abdominal pain, nausea and vomiting, diarrhea, or  constipation; also: conjunctivitis, pharyngitis (inflammation of mucous membranes and the  underlying parts of the pharynx), increased vascular permeability (such as pleural effusions), and proteinuria (protein in the urine).  About 10-30% of patients present with facial and neck  swelling.  Approximately 2/3 of patients present with sore throat, usually accompanied by  objective inflammatory or exudative (oozing) pharyngitis.  Some patients experience adult  respiratory distress syndrome.  Skin rashes and jaundice are rare. Some patients experience bleeding from the gums.  In addition, capillary lesions cause  haemorrhaging in the stomach, small intestine, kidneys, lungs, and brain.  Less than 1/3 of  patients present with bleeding; however, bleeding is a predictor of a significantly higher risk of death.  In severe cases of Lassa fever, shock and vascular collapse occur, followed by death.   Chlorine Animal Diseases & Potential Zoonosis www.hydra-int.com www.hydra-int.com Disease Animal Source Effect on Humans Effective  Disinfectant Leptospirosis (Weil’s disease) Mice, rats It is caused by bacteria of the genus Leptospira. In humans it causes a wide range of symptoms, and some infected persons may have no symptoms at all. Symptoms of leptospirosis include high fever, severe headache, chills, muscle aches, and vomiting, and may include jaundice (yellow skin and eyes), red eyes, abdominal pain, diarrhea, or a rash. If the disease is not treated, the patient could develop kidney damage, meningitis (inflammation of the membrane around the brain and spinal cord), liver failure, and respiratory distress. In rare cases death occurs. Many of these symptoms can be mistaken for other diseases. Leptospirosis is confirmed by  laboratory testing of a blood or urine sample. Chlorine Ethanol Iodine Listeriosis All ruminants as well as other animal spe- cies and humans A person with listeriosis has fever, muscle aches, and sometimes gastrointestinal symptoms such as nausea or diarrhea. If infection spreads to the nervous system, symptoms such as headache, stiff neck, confusion, loss of balance, or convulsions can occur. Infected pregnant women may experience only a mild, flu-like illness; however, infections during pregnancy can lead to miscarriage or stillbirth, premature delivery, or infection of the newborn. Chlorine Ethanol Quaternary  Ammonium Lyme Disease Deer Ticks Early localized stage of Lyme disease is characterized by erythema migrans, a skin rash which appears from three days to several weeks after the bite. The small rash grows in diameter,  becoming anywhere from two to 10 inches. With early disseminated stage, the infection spreads to the rest of the body in the weeks following the tick bite and may cause multiple skin rashes, fever, joint pain, muscle pain, headaches, p ossible heart and nervous system issues. Others may appear symptom-free. Late stage infection (months or years after onset) can lead to chronic arthritis or nervous system involvement. Chlorine Ethanol Marburg virus  infection The disease is spread through bodily fluids, including blood, excrement, saliva, and vomit. Early symptoms are often non-specific, and usually include fever, headache and myalgia after an I ncubation period of three to nine days. After five days, a maculopapular rash is often present on the trunk. Later-stage Marburg infection is acute and can include jaundice, pancreatitis, weight loss, delirium and neuropsychiatric symptoms, haemorrhaging, hypovolemic shock and multi-organ dysfunction, with liver failure most common. Accounts of external haemorrhaging from bodily orifices are pervasive in popular references to the disease but are in fact rare. Time course varies but symptoms usually last for one to three weeks until the disease either resolves or kills the infected host. The fatality rate is from 23% to over 90%. If a patient survives, recovery is usually prompt and complete, though it may be prolonged in some cases. These symptoms may include inflammation or secondary infection of various organs, including: orchitis (testicles), hepatitis (liver), transverse myelitis (spinal cord), uveitis (eyes), or parotitis (salivary glands). Chlorine Ethanol MRSA Different types of infections There is no specific 'MRSA disease' like with tuberculosis or typhoid. S.aureus infects a range of tissues and body systems (like those mentioned below) giving general often ambiguous symptoms that are common to different infections caused by other bacteria. Wound infections S.aureus / MRSA is the commonest cause of wound infection - either after accidental injury or surgery. This shows as a red, inflamed wound with yellow pus seeping from it. The wound may break open or fail to heal and a wound abscess could develop. Superficial ulcers Pressure ulcers, varicose ulcers and diabetic ulcers (all due to poor blood supply and superficial skin damage) are often sites of MRSA infection. Intravenous line infections MRSA may infect the entry site of an intravenous line causing local inflammation with pus from which the MRSA can enter the blood stream to cause a bacteraemia (blood stream infection). Deep abscesses If MRSA (or any S.aureus) spreads from a local site into the blood stream it can lodge at various sites in the body (e.g. lungs, kidneys, bones, liver, spleen) and cause one or more deep abscesses distant from the original site. These can be painful with high fever, a high white cell count in the blood and signs of inflammation near the infection. The patient will be very unwell and may have rigors (shivers) and low blood pressure (shock). Over a period, the body enters a catabolic state with breakdown of tissue, loss of weight and failure of essential organs. This is usually linked with an associated septicaemia. Lung infections MRSA / S.aureus is a rare cause of lung infection except in Intensive Care Units. There, the patient is on a ventilator with a tube in the trachea, bypassing the defences of the nose and throat. MRSA can gain entry to the lungs via the tube and cause pneumonia which may be fatal. Bacteraemia / septicaemia MRSA / S.aureus can enter the normally sterile blood stream either from a local site of infection (wound, ulcer, abscess) or via an intravenous catheter (placed there for their medical care).  Bacteraemia describes the presence of MRSA / S.aureus in the blood. Septicaemia can follow and is the clinical term for a severe illness caused by the bacteria in the blood stream. The symptoms are not specific to MRSA and can be the same for other bacteria that cause septicaemia. Typically symptoms can include high fever; raised white cell count; rigors (shaking); disturbance of blood clotting with a tendency to bleed and failure of vital organs. This is the kind of MRSA infection that has the highest death rate. Citric Acid Chlorine Ethanol Hydrogen Peroxide Iodine Quaternary  Ammonium Orf (scabby mouth) Goats, sheep Red areas or pimple-like lesions appear, often at the site of a graze or cut. This becomes a blister surrounded by red swollen skin that can turn into an ulcer and take four to six weeks to heal. Regional lymph glands may become swollen in some cases. Contact with sheep or sheep products is the usual cause of infection to humans, though goats are occasionally a source of infection.  The Orf virus usually enters through cuts or abrasions. Chlorine Iodine Psittacosis (ornithosis,  parrot fever,  chlamydiosis) Birds After a 4-15 day incubation period, the onset of the disease is usually abrupt with fever, chills, malaise, headache, myalgia and upper or lower respiratory tract symptoms. When a cough devel- ops it is often non-productive or may produce blood-tinged sputum. Pneumonia is evident on X- rays. Nausea, vomiting, and a distended abdomen are among more severe symptoms. Myalgia and stiffness in the back and neck may lead to confusion with meningitis. There may also be a faint rash that resembles that seen with typhoid. Chlorine Ethanol Iodine Quaternary  Ammonium  Q-fever Sheep, goats, bandi- coots and wallabies. Q Fever also feels like 'flu', with headaches, muscle pains and fever, that may progress to  pneumonia. Some people develop liver and heart problems. Chlorine Hydrogen Peroxide Quarternary Ammonium Animal Diseases & Potential Zoonosis www.hydra-int.com www.hydra-int.com Disease Animal Source Effect on Humans Effective  Disinfectant Rabies Dogs, Foxes Squirells The first symptoms can appear from a few days to more than a year after the bite occurs. One of the most distinctive signs of a rabies infection is a tingling or twitching sensation around the area of the animal bite. It is often accompanied by a fever, headache, muscle aches, loss of appetite, nausea, and fatigue. As the infection progresses, someone infected with rabies may develop any of the following  symptoms:  Irritability, excessive movements or agitation, confusion, hallucinations, aggressive- ness, bizarre or abnormal thoughts, muscle spasms, abnormal postures, seizures (convulsions), weakness or paralysis (when a person cannot move some part of the body) extreme sensitivity to bright lights, sounds, or touch increased production of saliva or tears difficulty speaking. In the advanced stage of the infection, as it spreads to other parts of the nervous system, other symptoms may develop: double vision, problems moving facial muscles, abnormal movements of the diaphragm and muscles that control breathing, difficulty swallowing and increased production of saliva, causing the "foaming at the mouth" usually associated with a rabies infection. Chlorine Ethanol Hydrogen Peroxide Quarternary Ammonium Rift Valley Fever Cattle, Goats, Sheep Mild form of RVF in humans The incubation period (interval from infection to onset of symptoms) for RVF varies from two to six days.  Those infected either experience no detectable symptoms or develop a mild form of the disease characterized by a feverish syndrome with sudden onset of flu-like fever, muscle pain, joint pain and headache. Some patients develop neck stiffness, sensitivity to light, loss of appetite and vomiting; in these patients the disease, in its early stages, may be mistaken for meningitis. The symptoms of RVF usually last from four to seven days, after which time the immune response becomes detectable with the appearance of antibodies and the virus gradually disappears from the blood. Severe form of RVF in humans While most human cases are relatively mild, a small percentage of patients develop a much more severe form of the disease.  This usually appears as one or more of three distinct syndromes: ocular (eye) disease (0.5-2% of patients), meningoencephalitis (less than 1%) or haemorrhagic fever (less than 1%).  Ocular form: In this form of the disease, the usual symptoms associated with the mild form of the disease are accompanied by retinal lesions. The onset of the lesions in the eyes is usually one to three weeks after appearance of the first symptoms. Patients usually report blurred or decreased vision. The disease may resolve itself with no lasting effects within 10 to 12 weeks. However, when the lesions occur in the macula, 50% of patients will experience a permanent loss of vision. Death in patients with only the ocular form of the disease is uncommon. Meningoencephalitis form: The onset of the meningoencephalitis form of the disease usually occurs one to four weeks after the first symptoms of RVF appear. Clinical features include intense headache, loss of memory, hallucinations, confusion, disorientation, vertigo, convulsions, lethargy and coma. Neurological complications can appear later (> 60 days). The death rate in patients who experience only this form of the disease is low, although residual neurological deficit, which may be severe, is common. Haemorrhagic fever form: The symptoms of this form of the disease appear two to four days after the onset of illness, and begin with evidence of severe liver impairment, such as jaundice. Subsequently signs of haemorrhage then appear such as vomiting blood, passing blood in the faeces, a purpuric rash or ecchymoses (caused by bleeding in the skin), bleeding from the nose or gums, menorrhagia and bleeding from venepuncture sites. The case-fatality ratio for patients developing the haemorrhagic form of the disease is high at approximately 50%. Death usually occurs three to six days after the onset of symptoms. The virus may be detectable in the blood for up to 10 days, in patients with the hemorrhagic icterus form of RVF. The total case fatality rate has varied widely between different epidemics but, overall, has been less than 1% in those documented. Most fatalities occur in patients who develop the haemorrhagic icterus form. Chlorine Ringworm (Tinea canis, mainly) Cats, Dogs, Pigs, Ferrets Rabbits, Goats, Horses A circle of rash on your skin that's red and inflamed around the edge and healthy looking in the middle slightly raised expanding rings of red, scaly skin on your trunk or face. A round, flat patch of itchy skin. More than one patch of ringworm may appear on your skin, and patches or red rings of rash may overlap. You can have tinea infection without having the common red ring of ringworm. Chlorine Iodine Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever Dogs, Ticks Symptoms of RMSF begin within two weeks of the bite of the infected tick.  Symptoms usually begin suddenly, with high fever, chills, headache, severe weakness, and muscle pain.  Pain in the large muscle of the calf is very common, and may be particularly severe.  The patient may be somewhat confused and delirious.  Without treatment, these symptoms may last two weeks or more. The rash of RMSF is quite characteristic.  It usually begins on the fourth day of the illness and occurs in at least 90 percent of all patients with RMSF.  It starts around the wrists and ankles, as flat pink marks (called macules). The rash spreads up the arms and legs, toward the chest,  abdomen, and back.  Unlike rashes that accompany various viral infections, the rash of RMSF does spread to the palms of the hands and the soles of the feet.  Over a couple of days, the macules turn a reddish-purple color.  In this new stage they are called petechiae, which are tiny areas of bleeding under the skin (pinpoint hemorrhages).  Over the next several days, the individual  petechiae may spread into each other, resulting in larger patches of hemorrhage. The most severe effects of RMSF occur due to damage to the blood vessels, which become leaky. This action accounts for the production of petechiae.  As blood and fluid leak out of the injured blood vessels, other tissues and organs may swell and become damaged.  Other symptoms that may occur are as follows:breathing difficulties as the lungs are affected, heart rhythms abnormal, kidney failure in very ill patients liver function decrease, nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, and diarrhea, brain inflammation (encephalitis) in about 25 percent of RMSF patients (Brain injury can result in seizures, changes in consciousness, actual coma, loss of coordination, imbalance on walk- ing, muscle spasms, loss of bladder control, and various degrees of paralysis). Ethanol Iodine Salmonellosis Animal Faeces Salmonellosis is a form of gastroenteritis caused by the germ (bacterium) Salmonella.  Salmonellosis can affect anyone; however, most cases occur in children and young adults. The severity of symptoms depends on the number of bacteria you ingest, your age and your general health. You may be more prone to salmonellosis if you are elderly, have another medical condition (such as a weakened immune system) or are malnourished. Symptoms of salmonellosis usually occur between 6 to 72 hours after you ingest the bacteria. The most common symptoms include: Diarrhoea, which may contain blood or mucous, Fever,  Headache, Stomach cramps, Nausea, Vomiting, Dehydration, especially among infants and the elderly. In rare cases, septicaemia (local infection) may develop as a complication of salmonellosis. Ethanol Animal Diseases & Potential Zoonosis www.hydra-int.com www.hydra-int.com Disease Animal Source Effect on Humans Effective  Disinfectant SARS Bats, Cats, Ferrets The incubation period for SARS is typically 2--7 days; however, isolated reports have suggested an incubation period as long as 10 days.  The illness begins generally with a prodrome of fever (>100.4°F [>38.0°C]).  Fever often is high, sometimes is associated with chills and rigors, and might be accompanied by other symptoms, including headache, malaise, and myalgia. At the onset of illness, some persons have mild respiratory symptoms. Typically, rash and neurologic or gastro- intestinal findings are absent; however, some patients have reported diarrhea during the febrile prodrome. After 3--7 days, a lower respiratory phase begins with the onset of a dry, nonproductive cough or dyspnea, which might be accompanied by or progress to hypoxemia.  In 10%--20% of cases, the respiratory illness is severe enough to require intubation and mechanical ventilation.  The case- fatality rate among persons with illness meeting the current WHO case definition of SARS is ap- proximately 3%. Chlorine Ethanol Iodine Tetanus No animal host Symptoms may begin after as few as three days and as many as 21 days after exposure to C. tetani, but eight days after initial exposure to the bacteria is the average time before symptoms develop.  Muscle rigidity and spasms start at the neck and jaw. Spasms can last a few minutes and come back often.  Difficulty swallowing is noticed, abdominal muscles are rigid, elevated temperature, sweating, high blood pressure, and a high heart rate every now and then. Recovery can take three to four weeks, but complete recovery may even take months. Ethanol Iodine Toxocariasis (Ocular larval migrans) Cats, Dogs Symptoms may include fever, cough or wheezing, abdominal pain, enlarged liver or spleen, poor appetite, a rash that sometimes looks like hives, and enlarged lymph nodes ("swollen glands"). Toxocariasis also may affect a child's eyes, causing decreased vision, swelling around the eyes, or a cross-eyed appearance.  Untreated toxocariasis can cause retinal damage and decreased vision. Iodine Toxoplasmosis Cats Acute toxoplasmosis Acute toxoplasmosis occurs when a person is first exposed to the parasite. Many people have no symptoms Toxoplasma gondii invades, multiplies, and encysts in tissues. Tissue cells are destroyed throughout the body, including lung, liver, brain, heart and eye cells, but destruction is usually relatively minor and soon ceases. Some people experience temporary flu-like symptoms with acute infection. Only a few develop serious toxoplasmosis symptoms. The unfortunate individual with overt toxoplasmosis symptoms usually has headache and fever, sore muscles, and swollen lymph nodes above the collarbone and in the groin. There may also be anemia and lung complications. Death is very rare in healthy adults. Subacute toxoplasmosis - acute infection that takes a long time to clear up—results in greater cell destruction. Again, most cases resolve; encysted T. gondii parasites remain in the tissues for life, causing no problems. Chronic toxoplasmosis Chronic toxoplasmosis—long-term infection—occurs in virtually everyone infected with the para- site. Parasites remain encysted in tissues, controlled by host immunity and unable to multiply or cause illness. Most people have no symptoms. Occasionally, tissue cysts break down releasing parasites that invade new cells and multiply,  forming new cysts. If there are many cysts present, this process results in inflammation and  symptoms associated with tissue damage in locations such as the eyes (see ocular toxoplasmosis, below), heart, lungs, or brain. Chronic encephalitis (inflammation of the brain) occurs occasionally, with spastic paralysis (involuntary muscle spasms and paralysis) in some cases. New research on T. gondii and toxoplasmosis shows that the parasite causes behavioral changes in mice and rats, and may cause subtle behavioral/personality changes in people also. Though in- triguing and alarming, these suggested effects in humans are not well studied yet. Ocular toxoplasmosis When Toxoplasma gondii invades cells in the retina of the eye, blindness can result. Multiplication of parasites, causing cell destruction and expanding lesions in the retina, destroys the delicate tissues of the retina and macula. This is most often seen in chronic infections when encysted  parasites reactivate and multiply. The more retinal cells infected, the greater the cell destruction and damage to vision. Toxoplasmosis during pregnancy When a woman acquires her first (acute) case of toxoplasmosis during pregnancy, the conse- quences to her baby can be grave. In about 45 percent of cases, the parasite passes to the fetus; 9 percent of infected fetuses die from the infection; 30 percent suffer brain damage, vision  impairment, and/or mental disability; 60 percent have no symptoms initially but the parasite can reactivate later causing ocular toxoplasmosis or other problems (data from Roberts and Janovy). While the highest risk of transmission of toxoplasmosis during pregnancy occurs when the mother contracts acute toxoplasmosis in the third trimester, the risk of serious disease in the fetus is highest in the first and second trimester. Chlorine Ethanol Iodine Trichinosis Bear, Swine Human hosts who eat meat infested with trichinae may experience symptoms in varying degrees. If the meat ingested has only a few cysts, then the human host's load of parasites (worm burden) is said to be relatively small, and symptoms will be moderate. In fact, many trichinosis infections are subclinical, which means that the symptoms are so mild that the infection remains undiag- nosed. In a host with a greater worm burden, the initial symptoms will be caused by the presence of the adult worms in the intestine. These symptoms usually include fever, diarrhea, abdominal pain, and perhaps vomiting. The symptoms begin about one to two days after eating the  contaminated meat, and may last for a week or so. Chlorine Ethanol Tuberculosis Cattle Mammals Cases of tuberculosis are often classified as to whether they occur in the lung (pulmonary  tuberculosis) or    elsewhere in the body (extrapulmonary tuberculosis).  Pulmonary tuberculosis is often confused with other     diseases of the respiratory system.  A person with TB may feel slightly sick or develop a mild cough.                The person may also cough up small amounts of greenish or yellow sputum in the morning; the sputum can sometimes contain blood. Other symptoms include a low-grade fever, a loss of interest in food, mild chest pain, difficulty in breathing, and night sweats.  If the TB bacilli travel from the lungs to the lymph nodes, which help fight off illness, other       symptoms, such as skin infections, may develop.  More serious  symptoms can also develop, including severe weight loss.  Modern antibiotics, however, can  prevent patients from reaching that stage of the disease. Chlorine Ethanol Animal Diseases & Potential Zoonosis www.hydra-int.com www.hydra-int.com Disease Animal Source Effect on Humans Effective  Disinfectant Typhus (and other rickettsial dis- eases) Mice, Rats,  Rodents, Fleas, Ticks The four types of typhus cause similar types of illnesses, though varying in severity. Epidemic typhus causes fever, headache, weakness, and muscle aches. It also causes a rash composed of both spots and bumps. The rash starts on the back, chest, and abdomen, then spreads to the arms and legs. The worst types of complications involve swelling in the heart  muscle or brain (encephalitis). Without treatment, this type of typhus can be fatal. Brill-Zinsser disease is quite mild, resulting in about a week-long fever, and a light rash similar to that of the original illness. Endemic typhus causes about 12 days of high fever, with chills and headache. A light rash may occur. Scrub typhus causes a wide variety of effects. The main symptoms include fever, headache, muscle aches and pains, cough, abdominal pain, nausea and vomiting, and diarrhea. Some  patients experience only these symptoms. Some patients develop a rash, which can be flat or bumpy. The individual spots eventually develop crusty black scabs. Other patients go on to  develop a more serious disease, in which encephalitis, pneumonia, and swelling of the liver and spleen (hepatosplenomegaly) occur. Chlorine  Ethanol Visceral larval  migrans Cats, Dogs Ingested eggs hatch in the small intestine, and the larvae (350 to 450 µm x 16 to 20 µm)  penetrate the mucosa, migrate to the liver via the portal circulation, follow vascular channels to the lungs, and then enter the systemic circulation and somatic tissues.  Larvae migrate extensively through the body and have been found in virtually every tissue and organ system including liver, lungs, heart, and brain.  The clinical and pathologic manifestations result from the mechanical damage caused by the migrating larvae and by the often severe inflammatory response stimulated by their presence.  Affected tissues contain multiple eosinophilic abscesses and allergic-type  eosinophilic granulomas. Infection by few larvae, the most common event, is usually asymptomatic. Two distinct forms of disease produced by Toxocara are classic visceral larva migrans (VLM) and ocular larva migrans (OLM).  Typically, the VLM syndrome, caused by migration of larvae through somatic tissues, is characterized by fever, leukocytosis, persistent eosinophilia, hypergammaglobulinemia, and  hepatomegaly.  Pulmonary involvement, with symptoms including bronchiolitis, asthma, or  pneumonitis, is common.  The few human fatalities that have been caused by Toxocara have resulted from extensive involvement of the myocardium or CNS or from an exaggerated  immunologic response. Invasion of the eye by Toxocara larvae is not uncommon, although the frequency of ocular  invasion as a proportion of total infections is unknown.  Ocular larva migrans differs in several important respects from VLM.  Ocular disease usually is seen in the absence of other signs or symptoms of VLM, and history of pica (compulsion to eat nonfood items) is less common.   Although many cases of OLM are reported in adults, the mean age at diagnosis is 7 to 8 years old, compared with 1 to 4 years old for VLM. Chlorine Ethanol Vesicular Exan- thema Swine Calicivirus infections commonly cause acute gastroenteritis,which is the inflammation of the  stomach and intestines. Symptoms can include vomiting and diarrhoea. These symptoms emerge after an incubation time of 2 days and the symptoms only generally last for 3 days. Most calicivirus infections do not call for medical attention, but those who are immunocompromised may need to be hospitalised for rehydration therapy. Chlorine Citric Acid